Cut a long story short.......there's aslight difference between industrial-grade CO2 and food-grade CO2 and thats the type of tests that are done to qualify CO2 as beverage or beer gas-grade compared to industrial-grade. Currently, the US FDA's requirement for food-grade CO2 is a 99.90% purity rating. The other .09% is made up of impurities such as hydrocarbons or nitrogen. Industrial grade CO2 (fire extinguishers, etc) is 99% pure CO2, also containing impurities such as hydrocarbons or nitrogen.
When talking impurities, we generally don't talk in percentages, so don't be mislead from the above paragraph. When you look at impurities, they are referred to as PPM (parts per million) or PPB (parts per billion), so if you just look at hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons might have 20 ppm in the CO2 that you are buying, which means that out of one cylinder, if you have industrial-grade CO2, it is 99% CO2. The remaining 1% has 20 ppm hydrocarbon. If you add up the remaining impurities it would equal 1%.
One impurity that all homebrewers should be aware of is benzene. Benzene is a no-no for homebrewers. If the CO2 that you are purchasing has high benzene levels, it will leave you and fellow drinkers with terrible headaches. When I say high levels, we are not talking about much. Benzene is usually an impurity that is referred to in PPB. The benzene level should be around 20 PPB.
K