History[edit]
The term "bitter" has been used in England to describe
pale ale since the early 19th century. Although brewers used the term "pale ale", before the introduction of
pump clips, customers in
public houses would ask for "bitter" to differentiate it from
mild ale; by the end of the 19th century, brewers had begun to use the term as well.
During the 20th century, bitter became the most popular type of
draught beer sold in British pubs and has been described as "the national drink of England".
[2] In Scotland, bitter is known as either "light" or "heavy" depending on the strength, colour and body.
Bitter is traditionally
cask conditioned and either dispensed by gravity through a tap in the cask or by a
beer engine at "cellar temperature" of 11° to 14° Celsius (50° to 55° Fahrenheit). The popularity of
craft brewing in North America has led to British-style bitter being brewed there since the 1980s.
[3]
Bitter belongs to the pale ale
beer style and can have a great variety of strength, flavour and appearance, from dark amber to a golden summer ale. It can be under 3%
abv and as high as 7% with premium or strong bitters. The colour may be controlled by the addition of
caramel colouring.
[4] It is similar to the
India pale ale style of beer, though bitters are less
hoppy.
Sub-types of bitter[edit]
Light aleA low alcohol bitter, often bottled.
[5]Session or ordinary bitterStrength up to 4.1% abv. This is the most common strength of bitter sold in British pubs. It accounted for 16.9% of pub sales in 2003.
[6]Best or special bitterStrength between 4.2% and 4.7% abv. In the United Kingdom bitter above 4.2% abv accounted for just 2.9% of pub sales in 2003.
[6]The disappearance of weaker bitters from some brewers' rosters means "best" bitter is actually the weakest in the range.Premium or strong bitterStrength of 4.8% abv and over.Golden aleGolden or summer ale has an appearance and profile similar to that of a
pale lager.
[7]