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Actually, I found some test data on this, which says: 1.040 brew, made with RO water Sodium: 10 -> 12mg/L Calcium: 35 -> 33 mg/L Chloride: 5 -> 15 mg/L Sulphate: 5 -> 15 mg/L As has been said, above, these are insignificant amounts compared to the totals and should only be seen as indicative...

Thanks for that. I was particularly wondering if the chloride/sulphate ratio could get altered by the grist itself. From what you've said, it would seem not - the levels of any ions added are insignificant compared to the levels in the liquor.

Could anyone tell me if the malts themselves add any of the ions important to the mashing/brewing process IE calcium, sulphate, chloride, sodium? I know malt brings phosphates into the process, and some malts a bit of magnesium. I'd be grateful for any pointers on this.

I thought it may be of interest to show the construction of an adapter to allow the use of alternate sources of CO2 with plastic barrels having the usual S30 connector. I only have the gas cylinder-type connectors rather than the bulb ones, but I think this adapter will work with both. In...

I thought I'd document a method I've used several times to repair leaking barrels. This explains how to repair plastic beer barrels (King keg and such like) that have developed leaks due to holes or cracks. They must be made of polythene (aka polyethylene or HDPE) for this to work. I doubt you...